Memory Model

This section explains FOL’s V3 memory model: explicit ownership operations ([mov]/[cpy]/[cln]/[bor] and friends) at every transfer boundary, non-lexical borrows, static places and partial moves, named and elided lifetimes, capability standards, custom finalization, closure environments, and the unique/shared/weak/synchronized pointer family. The normative contract is plan/V3_MEM.md; the first-shipped historical subset is recorded in its Appendix A.

The main topics are:

• ownership
• pointers
• stack vs heap intuition
• allocation lifetime
• cross-thread memory concerns

The detailed chapters are the normative source. This index also keeps the published example matrix aligned with the shared machine inventory in test/v3_example_inventory.rs. Adding, removing, or renaming a mem_* or fail_mem_* package requires updating both inventories in the same change.

The memory pillar is not complete at compiler acceptance. Each row below is also guarded through lowering/runtime behavior, frontend capability routing, structured diagnostics and explanations, formatter/tool commands, LSP diagnostics/navigation/completion/tokens, Tree-sitter grammar/queries/corpus, tests, docs, and the book. The exact cross-layer mapping lives in Compiler Integration and the repository-level docs/editor-sync.md matrix.

Shipped example inventory

M1: ownership and owned allocation

Positive:

• examples/mem_owner_reinitialize_m1
• examples/mem_set_observation_m1
• examples/mem_when_bool_gate_m1
• examples/mem_linked_list_m1
• examples/mem_tree_m1
• examples/mem_move_stack_vs_heap_m1
• examples/mem_partial_move_m1
• examples/mem_fin_finalizer_m1
• examples/mem_fin_move_m1
• examples/mem_fin_early_m1

Negative:

• examples/fail_mem_use_after_move_m1
• examples/fail_mem_loop_move_m1
• examples/fail_mem_explicit_move_reuse_m1
• examples/fail_mem_discarded_move_m1
• examples/fail_mem_deferred_reinit_m1
• examples/fail_mem_recursive_value_m1
• examples/fail_mem_heap_in_core_m1
• examples/fail_mem_uninit_borrow_m1
• examples/fail_mem_partial_move_m1
• examples/fail_mem_global_fin_m1
• examples/fail_mem_fin_partial_move_m1
• examples/fail_mem_fin_fun_finalizer_m1
• examples/fail_mem_fin_reuse_m1
• examples/fail_mem_clone_fin_m1
• examples/fail_mem_clone_fin_claim_m1
• examples/fail_mem_generic_copy_bound_m1
• examples/fail_mem_generic_send_bound_transitive_m1

M2: lexical borrowing and deferred ownership

Positive:

• examples/mem_borrow_m2
• examples/mem_borrow_giveback_m2
• examples/mem_borrow_param_m2
• examples/mem_mut_borrow_m2
• examples/mem_ownership_ops_m2
• examples/mem_capabilities_m2
• examples/mem_copy_clone_m2
• examples/mem_custom_clone_m2
• examples/mem_borrow_receiver_m2
• examples/mem_mut_receiver_m2
• examples/mem_receiver_ops_m2
• examples/mem_reborrow_m2
• examples/mem_nll_last_use_m2
• examples/mem_named_lifetime_m2
• examples/mem_temp_borrow_m2
• examples/mem_place_borrow_m2
• examples/mem_edf_m2
• examples/mem_dfr_capture_m2
• examples/mem_dfr_capture_mut_m2
• examples/mem_closure_capture_m2
• examples/mem_closure_borrow_m2
• examples/mem_closure_env_lifetime_m2

Negative:

• examples/fail_mem_deferred_report_m2
• examples/fail_mem_dfr_capture_bare_m2
• examples/fail_mem_dfr_capture_bor_mutation_m2
• examples/fail_mem_dfr_capture_undeclared_m2
• examples/fail_mem_closure_move_only_m2
• examples/fail_mem_closure_escape_m2
• examples/fail_mem_closure_env_leak_m2
• examples/fail_mem_copy_moveonly_m2
• examples/fail_mem_copy_record_field_m2
• examples/fail_mem_send_field_m2
• examples/fail_mem_send_nested_field_m2
• examples/fail_mem_clone_nested_field_m2
• examples/fail_mem_share_field_m2
• examples/fail_mem_owner_while_borrowed_m2
• examples/fail_mem_second_mut_borrow_m2
• examples/fail_mem_mut_borrow_immutable_owner_m2
• examples/fail_mem_borrow_reuse_m2
• examples/fail_mem_conditional_giveback_m2
• examples/fail_mem_deferred_giveback_m2
• examples/fail_mem_ownership_op_combo_m2
• examples/fail_mem_copy_fin_conflict_m2
• examples/fail_mem_copy_field_m2
• examples/fail_mem_copy_nested_field_m2
• examples/fail_mem_copy_operand_unclaimed_m2
• examples/fail_mem_fun_mut_receiver_m2
• examples/fail_mem_escaping_borrow_m2
• examples/fail_mem_temp_borrow_escape_m2
• examples/fail_mem_place_borrow_owner_m2

M3: typed pointers

Positive:

• examples/mem_ptr_unique_m3
• examples/mem_ptr_shared_m3
• examples/mem_ptr_shared_recursive_m3
• examples/mem_ptr_weak_m3
• examples/mem_ptr_weak_clone_m3
• examples/mem_ptr_weak_upgrade_m3
• examples/mem_ptr_weak_cycle_m3
• examples/mem_ptr_weak_nested_m3
• examples/mem_shell_access_m3
• examples/mem_shell_prefix_m3

Negative:

• examples/fail_mem_borrowed_ptr_move_deref_m3
• examples/fail_mem_ptr_raw_m3
• examples/fail_mem_ptr_weak_m3
• examples/fail_mem_shell_access_m3
• examples/fail_mem_ptr_in_core_m3
• examples/fail_mem_pointer_field_deref_m3
• examples/fail_mem_shared_ptr_move_deref_m3
• examples/fail_mem_shared_ptr_write_m3